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• C&c Generals Blitzkrieg

Data types in c refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of different types. The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in storage and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted. They are again arithmetic types and they are used to define variables that.

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The C Programming Language (sometimes termed K&R, after its authors' initials) is a computer programmingbook written by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, the latter of whom originally designed and implemented the language, as well as co-designed the Unixoperating system with which development of the language was closely intertwined. The book was central to the development and popularization of the C programming language and is still widely read and used today. Because the book was co-authored by the original language designer, and because the first edition of the book served for many years as the de facto standard for the language, the book was regarded by many to be the authoritative reference on C.^[1][2]

History[edit]

C was created by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in the early 1970s as an augmented version of Ken Thompson's B.^[3]Another Bell Labs employee, Brian Kernighan, had written the first C tutorial,^[4]and he persuaded Ritchie to coauthor a book on the language.^[5]Kernighan would write most of the book's 'expository' material, and Ritchie's reference manual became its appendices.

The first edition, published February 22, 1978, was the first widely available book on the C programming language. Its version of C is sometimes termed K&R C (after the book's authors), often to distinguish this early version from the later version of C standardized as ANSI C.^[6]

In April 1988, the second edition of the book was published, updated to cover the changes to the language resulting from the then-new ANSI C standard, particularly with the inclusion of reference material on standard libraries. The second edition of the book (and as of 2018, the most recent) has since been translated into over 20 languages. In 2012, an eBook version of the second edition was published in ePub, Mobi, and PDF formats.

ANSI C, first standardized in 1989 (as ANSI X3.159-1989), has since undergone several revisions, the most recent of which is ISO/IEC 9899:2018 (also termed C17 or C18), adopted as an ANSI standard in June 2018. However, no new edition of The C Programming Language has been issued to cover the more recent standards.

Reception[edit]

Byte magazine stated in August 1983, '[The C Programming Language] is the definitive work on the C language. Don't read any further until you have this book!'^[1]Jerry Pournelle wrote in the magazine that year that the book 'is still the standard ... a bit terse'. He continued, 'You can learn the C language without getting Kernighan and Ritchie, but that's doing it the hard way. You're also working too hard if you make it the only book on C that you buy.'^[7]

Influence[edit]

The C Programming Language has often been cited as a model for technical writing, with reviewers describing it as having clear presentation and concise treatment. Examples generally consist of complete programs of the type one is likely to encounter in daily use of the language, with an emphasis on system programming. Its authors said:

We have tried to retain the brevity of the first edition. C is not a big language, and it is not well served by a big book. We have improved the exposition of critical features, such as pointers, that are central to C programming. We have refined the original examples, and have added new examples in several chapters. For instance, the treatment of complicated declarations is augmented by programs that convert declarations into words and vice versa. As before, all examples have been tested directly from the text, which is in machine-readable form.

The book introduced the 'Hello, World!' program, which prints only the text 'hello, world', as an illustration of a minimal working C program. Since then, many texts have followed that convention for introducing a programming language.

Before the advent of ANSI C, the first edition of the text served as the de facto standard of the language for writers of C compilers. With the standardization of ANSI C, the authors more consciously wrote the second edition for programmers rather than compiler writers, saying:

Appendix A, the reference manual, is not the standard, but our attempt to convey the essentials of the standard in a smaller space. It is meant for easy comprehension by programmers, but not as a definition for compiler writers—that role properly belongs to the standard itself. Appendix B is a summary of the facilities of the standard library. It too is meant for reference by programmers, not implementers. Appendix C is a concise summary of the changes from the original version.

The influence of The C Programming Language on programmers, a generation of whom first worked with C in universities and industry, has led many to accept the authors' programming style and conventions as recommended practice, if not normative practice. For example, the coding and formatting style of the programs presented in both editions of the book is often referred to as 'K&R style' or the 'One True Brace Style' and became the coding style used by convention in the source code for the Unix and Linuxkernels.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abWard, Terry A. (August 1983). 'Annotated C / A Bibliography of the C Language'. Byte. p. 268. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
2. ^Prinz, Peter; Crawford, Tony (2005-12-16). C in a Nutshell. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 3. ISBN9780596550714.
3. ^Ritchie, Dennis M. (1993). 'The Development of the C Language'. History of Programming Languages, 2nd Edition. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
4. ^'Leap In and Try Things: Interview with Brian Kernighan'. Harmony at Work. October 24, 2009. Archived from the original on July 23, 2012. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
5. ^Computerphile (2015-08-18). ''C' Programming Language: Brian Kernighan - Computerphile'. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
6. ^Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (February 1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN0-13-110163-3.
7. ^Pournelle, Jerry (December 1983). 'The User Looks at Books'. Byte. p. 519. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
8. ^ ^abKernighan, Brian; Ritchie, Dennis M. (March 1988). The C Programming Language (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN0-13-110362-8.

External links[edit]

• The C Programming Language, first edition available at the Internet Archive
• 'C Programming'. Bell Labs Computing Sciences Research Center. 2004-06-13. Archived from the original on 2017-02-21. Retrieved 17 January 2017.. Another archived page: 'The C Programming Language'. 2016-02-04.

Understanding A1C

It’s called the A1C test, and it’s a powerhouse.

It can identify prediabetes, which raises your risk for diabetes. It can be used to diagnose diabetes. And it's used to monitor how well your diabetes treatment is working over time. It's also a critical step in forming your game plan to manage diabetes with your diabetes care team.

The big picture: monitoring treatment

This relatively simple blood test can tell you a lot. The test results give you a picture of your average blood sugar level over the past two to three months. The higher the levels, the greater your risk of developing diabetes complications. Your doctor will tell you how often you need the A1C test, but usually you’ll have the test at least twice a year if you’re meeting your treatment goals. If you're not meeting your goals or you change treatments, you may need to get an A1C test more often.

So, what do the numbers mean?

When it comes to the numbers, there's no one-size-fits-all target. A1C target levels can vary by each person's age and other factors, and your target may be different from someone else's. The goal for most adults with diabetes is an A1C that is less than 7%.

A1C test results are reported as a percentage. The higher the percentage, the higher your blood sugar levels over the past two to three months. The A1C test can also be used for diagnosis, based on the following guidelines:

• If your A1C level is between 5.7 and less than 6.5%, your levels have been in the prediabetes range.
• If you have an A1C level of 6.5% or higher, your levels were in the diabetes range.

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Finally: A1C is also defined as ‘estimated average glucose,’ or eAG

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Another term you may come across when finding out your A1C is eAG. Your doctor might report your A1C results as eAG. eAG is similar to what you see when monitoring your blood sugar at home on your meter. However, because you are more likely to check your blood sugar in the morning and before meals, your meter readings will likely be lower than your eAG.